Incompetent people often find themselves higher on the career ladder of their more skilled colleagues due to the Dunning-Kruger effect. According to him, people with a low level of qualification tend to overestimate their abilities, and, when making unsuccessful decisions, are often unable to realize their error due again to weak competence. People with a high level of qualification look at things more sober and, on the contrary, underestimate their abilities, and also believe that others also value them low. These findings were experimentally confirmed by psychologists Dunning and Kruger of Cornell University in 1999.